Sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf Preeceville

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS Boles You often tend to see sodium vapor lamps along the roads and parking spaces. The basic principle behind the working of sodium vapor lamp is passing electric current through sodium gas to make the gas emit light.

China Working Of Sodium Vapour Lamp Pdf Manufacturers

Why should we use the igniter in the sodium vapour lamp.. High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor., Sodium vapor lamps are some of the most efficient lamps in the world. They have an efficiency of up to 190 lumens per watt compared to an incandescent street lamp which has between 15 and 19.

High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor. You often tend to see sodium vapor lamps along the roads and parking spaces. The basic principle behind the working of sodium vapor lamp is passing electric current through sodium gas to make the gas emit light.

High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor. Ignitors for Sodium and Metal Halide High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps are available for all lamps from 35 to 2,000 Watts. Utilising the Super Imposed Pulsing principle our ignitors are independent and operate with any manufacturers correctly rated ballast.

A mercury vapour lamp is a high-pressure, electric arc discharge lamp that provides intense illumination over a selected range of wavelengths. Lamps that emit light by the passage of electric The glass tube is made specially chemical resistant to withstand the chemical reaction of hot sodium. It is not affected by voltage variations. The efficiency of sodium vapour lamps is between 40 to 50 lumens per watt with an average life of about 3000 hours. The lamp must be operated at horizontal or nearly horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform throughout. .Sodium vapour lamps Sodium

M etal halide lamps are a type of HID (High Intensity Discharge) lamp; mercury vapor and high-pressure sodium lamps are also HID lamps. However, mercury vapor and sodium lamps are not typically used in the reef hobby but are widely used in the horticulture industry. electric current is passed through sodium vapour. Almost all the light from these lamps has a Calculate the energy for a photon of light emitted from a sodium lamp. (b) The work function for sodium is 2.28 eV. Calculate the threshold frequency for the emission of photoelectrons from the surface of sodium metal, and hence the maximum wavelength of light that can cause …

Generic term describing mercury vapor, metal halide, high pressure sodium, and (informally) low pressure sodium light sources and luminaires. HIGH-BAY: Pertains to the type of lighting in an industrial application where the ceiling is 20 feet or higher. Metal halide, high-pressure sodium, and mercury vapor are types of HID lamps. ignitor - A device, either by itself or in association with other components, that generates voltage pulses to start discharge lamps. capacitor - A device used in electric circuitry to temporarily store electrical charge in the form of an electrostatic field. In lighting, a capacitor is used to smooth out alternating

High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps with a polycrystalline translucent aluminum oxide discharge tube enclosed in an ovoid or tubular outer glass envelope. JSJ 2013 Page 5 Lamps and Their Working Principle I) Sodium Vapour Lamps: Sodium vapour has the highest theoretical luminous efficiency and gives monochromatic orange-yellow light.

High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor. Sodium vapor lamps are some of the most efficient lamps in the world. They have an efficiency of up to 190 lumens per watt compared to an incandescent street lamp which has between 15 and 19

Mercury Vapor Lamp Arc is a Constant Current Phenomenon. The starting electrodes are connected to lower electrode through a resistance (R). Arc tube contains Mercury at the desired vapor pressure. A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb.

The lamp of you experiment is mostly fixed by the maximum intensity required as well as the wavelenght region you want to explore. Depending of your expecific experiment you can use one of … Working principle of sodium vapour lamp Author: Technical Editor Category: Electrical Articles 11 May 18 Scientists have long been familiar with fact high luminous efficiency could be obtained by the use of sodium resistant glass, the sodium vapour lamp has now reached the practical stage.

consists of a low-pressure sodium vapour lamp enclosed within a filtered and shuttered housing, and provides low- intensity (< 1 µ W/cm 2 ) yellow-orange light, predominantly from the well-known 589.0 and 589.6 nm sodium D-lines. Low Pressure Sodium Lamps (SOX-E and SOX) 1 H.I.D. lamps LP Sodium SOX (-E) SOX(-E) lamps employ a ballast and an ignitor or a leak-transformer. SOX(-E) and HF electronic gear An even further improvement of the efficacy of SOX(-E) lamps can now be reached by operating these lamps on HF electronic gear: a nearly equal amount of light for 10 to 40% less energy. Next to that HF gear …

PROBE START LAMP geappliances.com. The electrical schematic ends of double pressure electronic ignitor, its working principle is as follows: the power supply voltage in the negative half cycle, the current through the V 1, L 1 and L 2 to C 2 charging, at the same time, through the L 1 to C 1 filling turtle, when the supply voltage reaches the maximum value of 220V * V 2=311V, 1, Principle of Atomic Absorption /Emission Spectroscopy 15.1 ATOMIC EMISSION-THE FLAME TEST When a small amount of a solution of a metal ion is placed in the flame of a Bunsen burner, the flame turns a color that is characteristic of the metal ion. A sodium solution gives a yellow color, a potassium solution results in a violet color, a copper solution gives a green color, etc. Such an.

Principle of working of a sodium vapour lamp Answers.com

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

How Does a High Pressure Sodium Ballast Work? Sciencing. Sodium Vapour Lamp Principally sodium vapour lamp consists of a bulb containing a small amount of metallic sodium, neon gas and two sets of electrodes connected to a pin type base., Working principle of sodium vapour lamp Author: Technical Editor Category: Electrical Articles 11 May 18 Scientists have long been familiar with fact high luminous efficiency could be obtained by the use of sodium resistant glass, the sodium vapour lamp has now reached the practical stage..

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sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

How to Test a High Pressure Sodium Ballast How to Test a. 2 OVERVIEW Atomic absorption spectroscopy (or AAS) in its modern form came from principles developed by Australian physicist Dr. A. Walsh in 1955. electric current is passed through sodium vapour. Almost all the light from these lamps has a Calculate the energy for a photon of light emitted from a sodium lamp. (b) The work function for sodium is 2.28 eV. Calculate the threshold frequency for the emission of photoelectrons from the surface of sodium metal, and hence the maximum wavelength of light that can cause ….

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf


The electrical schematic ends of double pressure electronic ignitor, its working principle is as follows: the power supply voltage in the negative half cycle, the current through the V 1, L 1 and L 2 to C 2 charging, at the same time, through the L 1 to C 1 filling turtle, when the supply voltage reaches the maximum value of 220V * V 2=311V, 1 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps (SOX-E and SOX) 1 H.I.D. lamps LP Sodium SOX (-E) SOX(-E) lamps employ a ballast and an ignitor or a leak-transformer. SOX(-E) and HF electronic gear An even further improvement of the efficacy of SOX(-E) lamps can now be reached by operating these lamps on HF electronic gear: a nearly equal amount of light for 10 to 40% less energy. Next to that HF gear …

Like in a Metal Halide lamp, the working principle of a Sodium Vapour lamp is that of a gas-discharge tube, but in this case, the discharge takes place through a tube with a small quantity of sodium-neon-argon (SOX lamp) or mercury-sodium amalgam (SON lamp). 14/12/2017 · friends is video me ham discuss krenge Sodium Vapour Lamp ke bare me. is video me ham sodium Vapour Lamp ke Connection or uske working Principle ke bare me bhi discuss krenge. I hope ki ye video

20/03/2011 · High amplitude high energy ignition pulses greater than critical energy(Le) causes dissolution / erosion of electrode of Metal Halide(M.H) and Sodium vapor (SON) lamp, this results in increase in minimum ignition energy required to ignite a Metal Halide(M.H) /Sodium vapor (SON) lamp with increase in number of switching ON/OFF operation . Product Details Ignitors for HS-lamps Type: IGNITOR Z 400 M S A20 Item number: 140665 For high-pressure sodium lamps (HS) and metal halide lamps (HI)

High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps with a polycrystalline translucent aluminum oxide discharge tube enclosed in an ovoid or tubular outer glass envelope. Traditionally, it has been proposed that low pressure sodium light is the safest to drive under. This is due to its monochromatic output which improves the perception of contrast and allows the light to penetrate fog and rain with the minimum of dispersion.

This blog showcases in detail the working of High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp. HPS Lamp is the better version of its counterpart LPS Lamp. Better efficiency, life and size are few of the advantages of HPS Lamp over LPS Lamp. High Pressure Sodium Lamp: Working Principle . The arc tube consists of frame and is highly pressured with sodium for better efficiency. The arc tube is made of aluminum The operation of a high-pressure sodium lamp is illustrated in the diagram on the right. An amalgam of metallic sodium and mercury lies at the coolest part of the lamp and provides the sodium and mercury vapor in which the arc is drawn.

Sodium vapour lights are a type of gas-discharge lamp. They generate light by sending an electrical charge through a gas to produce a plasma. (ionised gas). The gas in this case is sodium vapour, but several other gases may be such as mercury, neon, argon and xenon. Metal halide, high-pressure sodium, and mercury vapor are types of HID lamps. ignitor - A device, either by itself or in association with other components, that generates voltage pulses to start discharge lamps. capacitor - A device used in electric circuitry to temporarily store electrical charge in the form of an electrostatic field. In lighting, a capacitor is used to smooth out alternating

sure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps also belong to the group of discharge lamps. Low pressure discharge lamps include fluorescent lamps and compact fluores-cent lamps. In discharge lamps, light is generated by a gas dis-charge of particles created between two hermetically sealed electrodes in an arc tube. After ignition, the particles in the arc are partially ionized, making them In a low pressure sodium vapour lamp, argon or neon gas is first heated up to emit a slight red or purple glow. The heat from this warms sodium metal in the light to the point of vaporizing, which

21/12/2015 · HPMV lamp is similar in construction to the sodium vapour lamp and may have low pressure in the bulb. A high pressure (1 to 2 atm) mercury vapour lamp has amount of mercury introduced in the lamp. sodium vapour) or pressure (high or low pressure) used. The properties vary considerably from lamp to lamp, The properties vary considerably from lamp to lamp, making them …

the sodium vapor produces light when the pressure within the arc tube is sufficient. High High pressure sodium lamps are the most efficient artificial white light source with about 29% of A mercury vapour lamp is a high-pressure, electric arc discharge lamp that provides intense illumination over a selected range of wavelengths. Lamps that emit light by the passage of electric

The glass tube is made specially chemical resistant to withstand the chemical reaction of hot sodium. It is not affected by voltage variations. The efficiency of sodium vapour lamps is between 40 to 50 lumens per watt with an average life of about 3000 hours. The lamp must be operated at horizontal or nearly horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform throughout. .Sodium vapour lamps Sodium 14/12/2017 · friends is video me ham discuss krenge Sodium Vapour Lamp ke bare me. is video me ham sodium Vapour Lamp ke Connection or uske working Principle ke bare me bhi discuss krenge. I hope ki ye video

A fluorescent lamp basically consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a trace of mercury. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert … A fluorescent lamp basically consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a trace of mercury. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert …

The book has a simple and exhaustive approach to topics like automata theory, formal languages and theory of computation. These descriptions are followed by numerous relevant examples related to the topic. A brief introductory chapter on compilers explaining its relation to theory … Formal language and automata theory books pdf Brome Lake The book has a simple and exhaustive approach to topics like automata theory, formal languages and theory of computation. These descriptions are followed by numerous relevant examples related to the topic. A brief introductory chapter on compilers explaining its relation to theory …

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sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

The Construction and Applications of Sodium Vapour Lamps. The glass tube is made specially chemical resistant to withstand the chemical reaction of hot sodium. It is not affected by voltage variations. The efficiency of sodium vapour lamps is between 40 to 50 lumens per watt with an average life of about 3000 hours. The lamp must be operated at horizontal or nearly horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform throughout. .Sodium vapour lamps Sodium, electric current is passed through sodium vapour. Almost all the light from these lamps has a Calculate the energy for a photon of light emitted from a sodium lamp. (b) The work function for sodium is 2.28 eV. Calculate the threshold frequency for the emission of photoelectrons from the surface of sodium metal, and hence the maximum wavelength of light that can cause ….

How to Test a High Pressure Sodium Ballast How to Test a

The Mercury Vapor Lamp – How it works & history. sure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps also belong to the group of discharge lamps. Low pressure discharge lamps include fluorescent lamps and compact fluores-cent lamps. In discharge lamps, light is generated by a gas dis-charge of particles created between two hermetically sealed electrodes in an arc tube. After ignition, the particles in the arc are partially ionized, making them, Use of LED or Other New Technology to Replace Standard Overhead and Sign Lighting (Mercury and/or Sodium) FINAL REPORT June 2005 Submitted by.

High pressure sodium ballast is responsible for regulating the pressure in light fixtures that use high pressure sodium gas to produce the light. These types of lights are commonly found outside. They are used for things such as security lighting. They are also commonly found in an indoor garden setting. These types of lights efficiently produce a very high intense light. There is very little High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor.

The lamp of you experiment is mostly fixed by the maximum intensity required as well as the wavelenght region you want to explore. Depending of your expecific experiment you can use one of … Like in a Metal Halide lamp, the working principle of a Sodium Vapour lamp is that of a gas-discharge tube, but in this case, the discharge takes place through a tube with a small quantity of sodium-neon-argon (SOX lamp) or mercury-sodium amalgam (SON lamp).

A fluorescent lamp basically consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a trace of mercury. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert … 14/12/2017 · friends is video me ham discuss krenge Sodium Vapour Lamp ke bare me. is video me ham sodium Vapour Lamp ke Connection or uske working Principle ke bare me bhi discuss krenge. I hope ki ye video

A sodium vapor lamp is a lamp that uses sodium to create light. It can come in a high pressure or low pressure format. High pressure lamps have more components than low pressure and contain other substances such as mercury. Answer / raja. ballast used in sodium vapour lamp is a normal coil which is used to boost high voltage ., igniter used to give pulse to ballast to boost voltage at a short intervals

Abstract. The striking feature of sodium-vapor lamps is their radiation dominated by the emission of two resonance lines at 589/590 nm. This emission is quite close to the maximum luminous efficiency function at 555 nm and hence contributes effectively to the luminous efficacy. 14/12/2017 · friends is video me ham discuss krenge Sodium Vapour Lamp ke bare me. is video me ham sodium Vapour Lamp ke Connection or uske working Principle ke bare me bhi discuss krenge. I hope ki ye video

working principle of ignitor, vapour absorption system, ppt on sodium vapor lamps, vapour compression refrigeration system, hand sketch of sodium vapour lamp with ignitor, vapour absorption system seminararty, ignitor for sodium vapour lamp, Sodium vapour lights are a type of gas-discharge lamp. They generate light by sending an electrical charge through a gas to produce a plasma. (ionised gas). The gas in this case is sodium vapour, but several other gases may be such as mercury, neon, argon and xenon.

High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor. High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor.

the sodium vapor produces light when the pressure within the arc tube is sufficient. High High pressure sodium lamps are the most efficient artificial white light source with about 29% of Product Details Ignitors for HS-lamps Type: IGNITOR Z 400 M S A20 Item number: 140665 For high-pressure sodium lamps (HS) and metal halide lamps (HI)

A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas containing low pressure mercury vapour and noble gases at a total pressure of about 0.3% of the atmospheric pressure. You often tend to see sodium vapor lamps along the roads and parking spaces. The basic principle behind the working of sodium vapor lamp is passing electric current through sodium gas to make the gas emit light.

sure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps also belong to the group of discharge lamps. Low pressure discharge lamps include fluorescent lamps and compact fluores-cent lamps. In discharge lamps, light is generated by a gas dis-charge of particles created between two hermetically sealed electrodes in an arc tube. After ignition, the particles in the arc are partially ionized, making them Product Details Ignitors for HS-lamps Type: IGNITOR Z 400 M S A20 Item number: 140665 For high-pressure sodium lamps (HS) and metal halide lamps (HI)

Metal halide lamps Osram

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

L-8 NKK IE EE NPTEL. The main aim of this article is to examine the feasibility of an energy audit program. LEDs are used to replace the sodium vapor lamps and high-pressured mercury vapor lamps that are currently used for the street lighting system in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 44% of the fossil fuels, Metal halide, high-pressure sodium, and mercury vapor are types of HID lamps. ignitor - A device, either by itself or in association with other components, that generates voltage pulses to start discharge lamps. capacitor - A device used in electric circuitry to temporarily store electrical charge in the form of an electrostatic field. In lighting, a capacitor is used to smooth out alternating.

8. LIGHTING SYSTEM EM & EA. JSJ 2013 Page 5 Lamps and Their Working Principle I) Sodium Vapour Lamps: Sodium vapour has the highest theoretical luminous efficiency and gives monochromatic orange-yellow light., Like in a Metal Halide lamp, the working principle of a Sodium Vapour lamp is that of a gas-discharge tube, but in this case, the discharge takes place through a tube with a small quantity of sodium-neon-argon (SOX lamp) or mercury-sodium amalgam (SON lamp)..

The Low Pressure Sodium Lamp Lamp Tech

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

Why should we use the igniter in the sodium vapour lamp.. Working principle of sodium vapour lamp Author: Technical Editor Category: Electrical Articles 11 May 18 Scientists have long been familiar with fact high luminous efficiency could be obtained by the use of sodium resistant glass, the sodium vapour lamp has now reached the practical stage. Metal halide, high-pressure sodium, and mercury vapor are types of HID lamps. ignitor - A device, either by itself or in association with other components, that generates voltage pulses to start discharge lamps. capacitor - A device used in electric circuitry to temporarily store electrical charge in the form of an electrostatic field. In lighting, a capacitor is used to smooth out alternating.

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf


High pressure sodium lamp long run (4Y), tubular bulb clear, base E40. Operation with ballast and ignitor. Medium-pressure lamps draw a much greater current than low-pressure lamps, leading to a rapid rise in the mercury vapor pressure. This gives a typical diffuse medium-pressure UV spectrum (see Figure 3).

High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps with a polycrystalline translucent aluminum oxide discharge tube enclosed in an ovoid or tubular outer glass envelope. The mercury vapor lamp is a negative resistance device. This means its resistance decreases as the current through the tube increases. So if the lamp is connected directly to a constant-voltage source like the power lines, the current through it will increase until it destroys itself. Therefore it requires a ballast to limit the current through it. (Working avi) Mr.Kantoli S.B. BMP

Generic term describing mercury vapor, metal halide, high pressure sodium, and (informally) low pressure sodium light sources and luminaires. HIGH-BAY: Pertains to the type of lighting in an industrial application where the ceiling is 20 feet or higher. Product Details Ignitors for HS-lamps Type: IGNITOR Z 400 M S A20 Item number: 140665 For high-pressure sodium lamps (HS) and metal halide lamps (HI)

20/03/2011 · High amplitude high energy ignition pulses greater than critical energy(Le) causes dissolution / erosion of electrode of Metal Halide(M.H) and Sodium vapor (SON) lamp, this results in increase in minimum ignition energy required to ignite a Metal Halide(M.H) /Sodium vapor (SON) lamp with increase in number of switching ON/OFF operation . This blog showcases in detail the working of High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp. HPS Lamp is the better version of its counterpart LPS Lamp. Better efficiency, life and size are few of the advantages of HPS Lamp over LPS Lamp. High Pressure Sodium Lamp: Working Principle . The arc tube consists of frame and is highly pressured with sodium for better efficiency. The arc tube is made of aluminum

The glass tube is made specially chemical resistant to withstand the chemical reaction of hot sodium. It is not affected by voltage variations. The efficiency of sodium vapour lamps is between 40 to 50 lumens per watt with an average life of about 3000 hours. The lamp must be operated at horizontal or nearly horizontal position to keep the sodium uniform throughout. .Sodium vapour lamps Sodium The main aim of this article is to examine the feasibility of an energy audit program. LEDs are used to replace the sodium vapor lamps and high-pressured mercury vapor lamps that are currently used for the street lighting system in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 44% of the fossil fuels

Like in a Metal Halide lamp, the working principle of a Sodium Vapour lamp is that of a gas-discharge tube, but in this case, the discharge takes place through a tube with a small quantity of sodium-neon-argon (SOX lamp) or mercury-sodium amalgam (SON lamp). sure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps also belong to the group of discharge lamps. Low pressure discharge lamps include fluorescent lamps and compact fluores-cent lamps. In discharge lamps, light is generated by a gas dis-charge of particles created between two hermetically sealed electrodes in an arc tube. After ignition, the particles in the arc are partially ionized, making them

High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps are the most energy efficient lamps with the luminous efficacy more than 120 for higher wattage lamps. They are use in lighting streets, squares, tunnels, dock yards, bridges etc. where color redention is not very important. Use of LED or Other New Technology to Replace Standard Overhead and Sign Lighting (Mercury and/or Sodium) FINAL REPORT June 2005 Submitted by

Sodium Vapour Lamps Metal Halide Lamps Bureau of Energy Efficiency 152 . 8. Lighting System Luminaire interior and is commonly called the working plane. The illuminance provided by an installation affects both the performance of the tasks and the appearance of the space. Lux (lx) This is the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumen, uniformly distributed over a surface area … 21/12/2015 · HPMV lamp is similar in construction to the sodium vapour lamp and may have low pressure in the bulb. A high pressure (1 to 2 atm) mercury vapour lamp has amount of mercury introduced in the lamp.

High pressure sodium ballast is responsible for regulating the pressure in light fixtures that use high pressure sodium gas to produce the light. These types of lights are commonly found outside. They are used for things such as security lighting. They are also commonly found in an indoor garden setting. These types of lights efficiently produce a very high intense light. There is very little Principle of Atomic Absorption /Emission Spectroscopy 15.1 ATOMIC EMISSION-THE FLAME TEST When a small amount of a solution of a metal ion is placed in the flame of a Bunsen burner, the flame turns a color that is characteristic of the metal ion. A sodium solution gives a yellow color, a potassium solution results in a violet color, a copper solution gives a green color, etc. Such an

This blog showcases in detail the working of High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp. HPS Lamp is the better version of its counterpart LPS Lamp. Better efficiency, life and size are few of the advantages of HPS Lamp over LPS Lamp. High Pressure Sodium Lamp: Working Principle . The arc tube consists of frame and is highly pressured with sodium for better efficiency. The arc tube is made of aluminum A fluorescent lamp basically consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a trace of mercury. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert …

sodium vapour lamp working principles pdf

Working principle of sodium vapour lamp Author: Technical Editor Category: Electrical Articles 11 May 18 Scientists have long been familiar with fact high luminous efficiency could be obtained by the use of sodium resistant glass, the sodium vapour lamp has now reached the practical stage. A fluorescent lamp basically consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a trace of mercury. Its inner surface is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert …

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