East Bengali refugees Wikipedia 26/05/2012 · The history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971 covers the period of Bangladesh’s history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971.
Bangladesh Genocide Archive Videos. 2000 December - Bangladesh expels Pakistani diplomat for comments on the 1971 war. The diplomat had put the number of dead at 26,000, whereas Bangladesh says nearly three million were killed., Bangladesh is largely ethnically non-Bengalis who emigrated from the state of Bihar and other parts of northern India during the 1947 partition. They are concentrated in the Dhaka and Rangpur areas and number some 300,000. In the 1971 independence war many of them sided with Pakistan, as they stood to lose their positions in.
HISTORY ON THE LINE Beyond the Archive of Silence: Narratives of Violence of the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh by Yasmin Saikia In 1971 two wars broke out in East Pakistan. Abstract This paper documents the regional divide in educational facilities between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan between 1947 and 1971.
A list of descriptive scholarly works relevant to Bangladesh are compiled in an introductory bibliography for nonspecialist users that describes essential aspects of Bangladesh's history, society, and culture. pakistan history and politics 1947 1971 Download pakistan history and politics 1947 1971 or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get pakistan history and politics 1947 1971 …
HISTORY ON THE LINE Beyond the Archive of Silence: Narratives of Violence of the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh by Yasmin Saikia In 1971 two wars broke out in East Pakistan. Bangladesh is a highly developed democratic country. History of Bangladesh after independence begins in 1971 with the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. With the backing of the Indian army, the newly formed Bangladeshi government went to war with West Pakistan November, 1971. By December, West Pakistan withdrew its forces, and Bangladesh became an independent …
Bangladesh is a relatively new country—it declared independence from Pakistan in 1971. The Bengali culture is one of the most ancient, however. Bangladesh is a relatively new country—it declared independence from Pakistan in 1971. The Bengali culture is one of the most ancient, however. Bangladesh: Facts and History. Search the site GO. History & Culture. Asian History Middle East … The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947. At one swoop, it led to the creation of Bangladesh, and it tilted the balance of power between India and Pakistan steeply in favor of India.
2000 December - Bangladesh expels Pakistani diplomat for comments on the 1971 war. The diplomat had put the number of dead at 26,000, whereas Bangladesh says nearly three million were killed. 1947 to 1971 1948 March 21: The founder of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared in a civic reception in Dhaka that “Urdu and only Urdu will remain as the
The complete list of Prime Ministers of Bangladesh includes the persons sworn into the office as Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence in 1971. The emergence of Bangladesh in 1971 did not achieve internal Instead, there peace. was more violence, an attempted imposition of a one-party state, the assassinations of two heads of state, long periods of military rule and finally in 2000, the emergence of
The history of Bangladesh as a nation state began in 1971, when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was … The complete list of Prime Ministers of Bangladesh includes the persons sworn into the office as Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence in 1971.
As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971. Architecture during Pakistan Period: Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Dr. Nilufar, Farida, Contributor of ‘Architecture of Pakistan Time in Bangladesh since 1947 to 1971’ for “Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Project”, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Published in 2007 i Architecture
As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971. The complete list of Prime Ministers of Bangladesh includes the persons sworn into the office as Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence in 1971.
A land apart Bangladesh may only have existed as an independent state for 30 years but its cultural and linguistic roots go deep. The Bangla language (the term Bengali was just a British colonial rendering of this) was distinct by the 7th century and a literature written in it was emerging by the 11th century. 12/11/1970 · …strongly supported East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971, and India’s armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh. She became the first government leader to …
history of bangladesh 1947 1971 dГ©finition de history of. Some key dates in the history of Bangladesh: 1947 - British colonial rule over India ends. A largely Muslim state comprising East and West Pakistan is established, either side of India., The history of Bangladesh as a nation state began in 1971, when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was ….
What is the history of the formation of Bangladesh? Quora. Request PDF on ResearchGate On Dec 1, 2014, I. Iqbal and others published SRINATH RAGHAVAN. 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh., Architecture during Pakistan Period: Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Dr. Nilufar, Farida, Contributor of ‘Architecture of Pakistan Time in Bangladesh since 1947 to 1971’ for “Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Project”, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Published in 2007 i Architecture.
Pakistan History And Politics 1947 1971 Download eBook. The People of Bangladesh Type of Government: parliamentary democracy Languages Spoken: Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Independence: 16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the, 1/05/2011 · Bangladesh emerged as an independent country on 16 th December 1971 from the brutal rulings of Pakistan (the then West Pakistan) from 1947 to 1971..
History of Bangladesh Essay 509 Words. Bangladesh is largely ethnically non-Bengalis who emigrated from the state of Bihar and other parts of northern India during the 1947 partition. They are concentrated in the Dhaka and Rangpur areas and number some 300,000. In the 1971 independence war many of them sided with Pakistan, as they stood to lose their positions in History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 / edited by Sirajul Islam ; editorial assistant, Harun-or-Rashid Asiatic Society of Bangladesh : Distributing agent, Academic Publishers Dhaka, Bangladesh 1992 Australian/Harvard Citation.
Partition of India and Freedom at Midnight (1947) Wars with Pakistan and liberation of Bangladesh (1971) The non-aligned movement The rise of Nehru-Gandhi Family Rise of Regionalism India wins Cricket World Cup (1983) Operation Blue Star, Indira Gandhi's Assassination and violence against Sikhs (1984) India tests nuclear device (1998) Related Links _ Around Harappa - Tour ,€ Saraswati River From its earliest pre-history Bangladesh has been subject to waves of migration and the incursions of regional – and later European – powers. An Indo-Aryan population, Hindu in belief, arrived between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago and the evidence suggests a flourishing, sophisticated civilisation.
November 15th, 2018 - Pakistan s history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh Harvard University Srinath Raghavan 1971 A Global History of the Creation - 2014 Srinath Raghavan 1971 A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh Gary J Bass The Blood Telegram Nixon Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide. Srinath … 4/01/2019 · He goes missing, his wife marries his best friend (who also wrote his life insurance policy) - Duration: 25:59. True Crime Daily 7,060,781 views
Architecture during Pakistan Period: Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Dr. Nilufar, Farida, Contributor of ‘Architecture of Pakistan Time in Bangladesh since 1947 to 1971’ for “Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Project”, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Published in 2007 i Architecture 12/11/1970 · …strongly supported East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971, and India’s armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh. She became the first government leader to …
Bangladesh is a highly developed democratic country. History of Bangladesh after independence begins in 1971 with the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. With the backing of the Indian army, the newly formed Bangladeshi government went to war with West Pakistan November, 1971. By December, West Pakistan withdrew its forces, and Bangladesh became an independent … Request PDF on ResearchGate On Dec 1, 2014, I. Iqbal and others published SRINATH RAGHAVAN. 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh became one of the large nation states in 1971 when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of ancient, classical, medieval and colonial India. Since independence, the government has experienced periods of democratic and military rule. The founding leader of the country and Request PDF on ResearchGate On Dec 1, 2014, I. Iqbal and others published SRINATH RAGHAVAN. 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh.
The complete list of Prime Ministers of Bangladesh includes the persons sworn into the office as Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence in 1971. History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 / edited by Sirajul Islam ; editorial assistant, Harun-or-Rashid Asiatic Society of Bangladesh : Distributing agent, Academic Publishers Dhaka, Bangladesh 1992 Australian/Harvard Citation
Architecture during Pakistan Period: Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Dr. Nilufar, Farida, Contributor of ‘Architecture of Pakistan Time in Bangladesh since 1947 to 1971’ for “Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Project”, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Published in 2007 i Architecture bangladesh studies presentation on : the history of bangladeshgroup-11 Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.
From 1947 to 1971, laws were enacted by Pakistan's national assembly and the East Pakistani legislature. The Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh was the country's provisional parliament until 1973, when the first elected Jatiyo Sangshad was sworn in. History of Bangladesh from 1947 - 1971 11 March - General strike by students protesting at the exclusion of Bengali as an official language. 21 March - Governor-General of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares in a civic reception that "Urdu, and only Urdu" will remain as the
The People of Bangladesh Type of Government: parliamentary democracy Languages Spoken: Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Independence: 16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the Request PDF on ResearchGate On Dec 1, 2014, I. Iqbal and others published SRINATH RAGHAVAN. 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh became one of the large nation states in 1971 when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of ancient, classical, medieval and colonial India. Since independence, the government has experienced periods of democratic and military rule. The founding leader of the country and 2000 December - Bangladesh expels Pakistani diplomat for comments on the 1971 war. The diplomat had put the number of dead at 26,000, whereas Bangladesh says nearly three million were killed.
It's free to register here to get Book file PDF 1971 A Global History Of The Creation Of Bangladesh. 1971 A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh November 14th, 2018 - The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947 At one swoop it led to the creation of Bangladesh and it tilted the balance of power between India and It's free to register here to get Book file PDF 1971 A Global History Of The Creation Of Bangladesh. 1971 A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh November 14th, 2018 - The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947 At one swoop it led to the creation of Bangladesh and it tilted the balance of power between India and
1971 A Global History Of The Creation Of Bangladesh. 26/05/2012 · The history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971 covers the period of Bangladesh’s history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971., 12/11/1970 · …strongly supported East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971, and India’s armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh. She became the first government leader to ….
Bangladesh country profile BBC News. 4/01/2019 · He goes missing, his wife marries his best friend (who also wrote his life insurance policy) - Duration: 25:59. True Crime Daily 7,060,781 views, This culminated in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The People’s Republic of Bangladesh was founded as a constitutional, secular, democratic, multiparty, parliamentary republic. After independence, Bangladesh went through periods of poverty and famine, as well as political turmoil and military coups..
Bangladesh is a highly developed democratic country. History of Bangladesh after independence begins in 1971 with the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. With the backing of the Indian army, the newly formed Bangladeshi government went to war with West Pakistan November, 1971. By December, West Pakistan withdrew its forces, and Bangladesh became an independent … The history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971 covers the period of Bangladesh's history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971.
pakistan history and politics 1947 1971 Download pakistan history and politics 1947 1971 or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get pakistan history and politics 1947 1971 … bangladesh studies presentation on : the history of bangladeshgroup-11 Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.
The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947. At one swoop, it led to the creation of Bangladesh, and it tilted the balance of power between India and Pakistan steeply in favor of India. As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971.
Bangladesh became one of the large nation states in 1971 when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of ancient, classical, medieval and colonial India. Since independence, the government has experienced periods of democratic and military rule. The founding leader of the country and History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 / edited by Sirajul Islam ; editorial assistant, Harun-or-Rashid Asiatic Society of Bangladesh : Distributing agent, Academic Publishers Dhaka, Bangladesh 1992 Australian/Harvard Citation
History of Bangladesh After the demise of British Empire in 1947, Bengal was partitioned as a province of West Pakistan with being renamed as East Pakistan. Dhaka was declared as its capital. As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971.
after the British left India in 1947 first became (East) Pakistan and officially exists only since 1971? Bob van der Linden finds it unsurprising that A History of Bangladesh is more of a transnational narrative, focussing heavily on Bengal – as a region of ancient long-distance trade and modern imperial capitalism – India and Pakistan. Bob van der Linden Schendel, Willem van. 2009. A The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947. At one swoop, it led to the creation of Bangladesh, and it tilted the balance of power between India and Pakistan steeply in favor of India.
1947 to 1971 1948 March 21: The founder of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared in a civic reception in Dhaka that “Urdu and only Urdu will remain as the state language of Pakistan”. Abstract This paper documents the regional divide in educational facilities between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan between 1947 and 1971.
As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971. after the British left India in 1947 first became (East) Pakistan and officially exists only since 1971? Bob van der Linden finds it unsurprising that A History of Bangladesh is more of a transnational narrative, focussing heavily on Bengal – as a region of ancient long-distance trade and modern imperial capitalism – India and Pakistan. Bob van der Linden Schendel, Willem van. 2009. A
The history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971 covers the period of Bangladesh's history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971. after the British left India in 1947 first became (East) Pakistan and officially exists only since 1971? Bob van der Linden finds it unsurprising that A History of Bangladesh is more of a transnational narrative, focussing heavily on Bengal – as a region of ancient long-distance trade and modern imperial capitalism – India and Pakistan. Bob van der Linden Schendel, Willem van. 2009. A
History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 / edited by Sirajul Islam ; editorial assistant, Harun-or-Rashid Asiatic Society of Bangladesh : Distributing agent, Academic Publishers Dhaka, Bangladesh 1992 Australian/Harvard Citation 4/01/2019 · He goes missing, his wife marries his best friend (who also wrote his life insurance policy) - Duration: 25:59. True Crime Daily 7,060,781 views
Bangladesh History Society and Culture An Introductory. The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947. At one swoop, it led to the creation of Bangladesh, and it tilted the balance of power between India and Pakistan steeply in favor of India., Bangladesh is a highly developed democratic country. History of Bangladesh after independence begins in 1971 with the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. With the backing of the Indian army, the newly formed Bangladeshi government went to war with West Pakistan November, 1971. By December, West Pakistan withdrew its forces, and Bangladesh became an independent ….
History of Bangladesh 1704-1971 / edited by Sirajul Islam. 2000 December - Bangladesh expels Pakistani diplomat for comments on the 1971 war. The diplomat had put the number of dead at 26,000, whereas Bangladesh says nearly three million were killed., From its earliest pre-history Bangladesh has been subject to waves of migration and the incursions of regional – and later European – powers. An Indo-Aryan population, Hindu in belief, arrived between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago and the evidence suggests a flourishing, sophisticated civilisation..
bangladesh history of 1971 By Born Bangladesh 1971. Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 By: Alburuj Razzaq Rahman 9th Grade, Metro High School, Columbus, Ohio The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 was for independence from Pakistan. India and Pakistan got independence from the British rule in 1947. Pakistan was formed for the Muslims and India had a majority of Hindus. Pakistan had two parts, East and West, which were separated by about …, An estimated one million Bengalis–the largest ethnic group in Bangladesh–were killed by the Pakistani forces during the next several months, while over 10 million more took refuge in India..
Bangladesh History 1947 1971 by Neal Krank on Prezi. In early December 1971, the Indian army entered Bangladesh, engaged Pakistani military forces with the help of the Mukhti Bahini, and in a ten-day period subdued the Pakistani forces. On 16 December the Pakistani military surrendered. In January 1972, Mujib was released from confinement and became the prime minister of Bangladesh. The People of Bangladesh Type of Government: parliamentary democracy Languages Spoken: Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Independence: 16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the.
As the Bangladesh Liberation War approached the defeat of the Pakistan Army, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan became the first state in the world to recognise the newly independent country on 6 December 1971. The emergence of Bangladesh in 1971 did not achieve internal Instead, there peace. was more violence, an attempted imposition of a one-party state, the assassinations of two heads of state, long periods of military rule and finally in 2000, the emergence of
November 15th, 2018 - Pakistan s history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh Harvard University Srinath Raghavan 1971 A Global History of the Creation - 2014 Srinath Raghavan 1971 A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh Gary J Bass The Blood Telegram Nixon Kissinger and a Forgotten Genocide. Srinath … 12/11/1970 · …strongly supported East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971, and India’s armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh. She became the first government leader to …
History of Bangladesh from 1947 - 1971 11 March - General strike by students protesting at the exclusion of Bengali as an official language. 21 March - Governor-General of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares in a civic reception that "Urdu, and only Urdu" will remain as the after the British left India in 1947 first became (East) Pakistan and officially exists only since 1971? Bob van der Linden finds it unsurprising that A History of Bangladesh is more of a transnational narrative, focussing heavily on Bengal – as a region of ancient long-distance trade and modern imperial capitalism – India and Pakistan. Bob van der Linden Schendel, Willem van. 2009. A
1947 to 1971 1948 March 21: The founder of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared in a civic reception in Dhaka that “Urdu and only Urdu will remain as the Bangladesh became one of the large nation states in 1971 when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of ancient, classical, medieval and colonial India. Since independence, the government has experienced periods of democratic and military rule. The founding leader of the country and
From 1947 to 1971, laws were enacted by Pakistan's national assembly and the East Pakistani legislature. The Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh was the country's provisional parliament until 1973, when the first elected Jatiyo Sangshad was sworn in. 26/05/2012 · The history of Bangladesh from 1947 to 1971 covers the period of Bangladesh’s history between its independence as a part of Pakistan from British colonial rule in 1947 to its independence from Pakistan in 1971.
1/05/2011 · Bangladesh emerged as an independent country on 16 th December 1971 from the brutal rulings of Pakistan (the then West Pakistan) from 1947 to 1971. In Bangladesh, 1947 is a distant memory, erased by the much fresher bloody ones of 1971 [File: AP Photo] If India was being partitioned, it was argued, Bengal had to be.
History of Bangladesh After the demise of British Empire in 1947, Bengal was partitioned as a province of West Pakistan with being renamed as East Pakistan. Dhaka was declared as its capital. In early December 1971, the Indian army entered Bangladesh, engaged Pakistani military forces with the help of the Mukhti Bahini, and in a ten-day period subdued the Pakistani forces. On 16 December the Pakistani military surrendered. In January 1972, Mujib was released from confinement and became the prime minister of Bangladesh.
bangladesh studies presentation on : the history of bangladeshgroup-11 Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. 1947 to 1971 1948 March 21: The founder of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared in a civic reception in Dhaka that “Urdu and only Urdu will remain as the state language of Pakistan”.
Bangladesh became one of the large nation states in 1971 when it seceded from Pakistan. Prior to the creation of Pakistan in 1947, modern-day Bangladesh was part of ancient, classical, medieval and colonial India. Since independence, the government has experienced periods of democratic and military rule. The founding leader of the country and bangladesh studies presentation on : the history of bangladeshgroup-11 Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.
12/11/1970 · …strongly supported East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971, and India’s armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh. She became the first government leader to … In 1947, Bengal was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of East Bengal. East Bengal was later renamed East Pakistan, which subsequently broke away from Pakistan to form the independent country of Bangladesh.
It's free to register here to get Book file PDF 1971 A Global History Of The Creation Of Bangladesh. 1971 A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh November 14th, 2018 - The war of 1971 was the most significant geopolitical event in the Indian subcontinent since its partition in 1947 At one swoop it led to the creation of Bangladesh and it tilted the balance of power between India and This culminated in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The People’s Republic of Bangladesh was founded as a constitutional, secular, democratic, multiparty, parliamentary republic. After independence, Bangladesh went through periods of poverty and famine, as well as political turmoil and military coups.